Introduction: Integrating Truth from Scripture and Science
Christians hold that both the Bible and science provide knowable truths about the world. Integrating claims from these two sources is a key aspect of forming a cohesive worldview. The relationship between the Bible and science is often misrepresented as adversarial. However, this portrayal neglects the rich interaction between theology and science, where both have historically informed and refined each other. The Bible portrays God as a rational Being who created the world from nothing (Genesis 1:1) and established it with order and purpose (Isaiah 45:18). This foundational belief posits that the universe reflects divine rationality, making it comprehensible to the human mind, which is created in God's image (Genesis 1:27).
Models of Interaction Between Science and the Bible
Distinct Realms
One approach posits that the Bible and science address distinct, non-overlapping areas of investigation. For example, theological debates about the nature of angels or the extent of atonement do not intersect with organic chemistry. Similarly, the number of hydrogen atoms in a methane molecule is of little theological concern. This model suggests that both realms can coexist without direct conflict since they operate in separate domains.
Complementary Descriptions of the Same Realm
Another model suggests that biblical and scientific claims offer complementary, non-interacting descriptions of the same reality. For instance, scientific descriptions of the chemical composition of water (H2O) can coexist with theological claims that God providentially sustains all things (Colossians 1:17). In this view, God's activity can be described in terms of primary causes (direct, miraculous interventions) and secondary causes (natural processes). For example, the creation of the universe is an act of primary causation, while natural processes such as rainfall are secondary causes.
Direct Interaction
This model involves direct interaction where biblical and scientific claims can either support or challenge each other. For example, the existence of the soul raises rational difficulties for materialistic views in science that deny non-physical realities. Similarly, the second law of thermodynamics, which posits increasing entropy, supports the theological claim that the universe had a beginning (Genesis 1:1). Young-earth and progressive creationism are examples of applying this approach to the origins debate, interpreting scientific data through a biblical lens.
Presuppositional Interaction
Biblical teachings can support the presuppositions underlying scientific inquiry. The existence of objective truth, the rational and orderly nature of the universe, and the reliability of human cognitive faculties are all presuppositions that make sense within a Christian framework but are harder to justify in a purely naturalistic worldview. Proverbs 1:7 states, "The fear of Jehovah is the beginning of knowledge," implying that a correct understanding of reality begins with acknowledging God.
Practical Application
This model emphasizes the practical application of principles discovered in both realms. For example, biblical teachings about family dynamics, such as not provoking children to anger (Ephesians 6:4), can be complemented by psychological insights into healthy family systems. Conversely, scientific findings can be practically applied to enhance understanding and application of biblical principles.
Addressing Apparent Conflicts Between Science and the Bible
The Scope of Potential Conflicts
It is crucial to recognize that the vast majority of biblical teachings and scientific claims do not directly conflict. Areas of apparent conflict are relatively small compared to the vast amount of knowledge from both sources. For example, the Bible's moral teachings and scientific discoveries about the physical world generally operate in separate domains.
Scientific Discoveries Supporting Biblical Claims
Several scientific discoveries lend support to biblical assertions:
The Universe Had a Beginning:Â The Big Bang theory, which posits a singular beginning for the universe, aligns with the biblical claim of creation ex nihilo (Genesis 1:1).
Fine-Tuning of the Universe:Â The precise constants and conditions necessary for life suggest design, consistent with the biblical portrayal of a purposeful Creator (Isaiah 45:18).
Origin of Life:Â The complexity and information content in DNA suggest an intelligent source, challenging naturalistic explanations and supporting the idea of a Creator (Psalm 139:14).
Irreducible Complexity:Â Biological systems that require all parts to function challenge gradual evolutionary models and suggest purposeful design (Romans 1:20).
Archaeological Confirmations:Â Numerous archaeological findings support historical claims made in the Bible, enhancing its credibility as a historical document.
Psychological Insights:Â Discoveries about human nature and the importance of a unified moral agent align with biblical teachings about the human condition (Jeremiah 17:9).
Engaging with Scientific Claims
Misunderstandings and Misinterpretations
Some scientific claims that appear to conflict with the Bible may arise from misunderstandings or misinterpretations. For instance, the idea that quantum mechanics refutes rational order is based on a misinterpretation of the theory. While quantum phenomena appear probabilistic, they do not imply a fundamentally chaotic universe. Instead, they reveal a deeper level of complexity in God's creation.
Historical Reevaluations
Throughout history, both scientific and biblical claims have been reevaluated in light of new evidence. For example, early creationists predicted gaps in the fossil record, which have been borne out by the lack of clear transitional forms. This highlights the need for ongoing dialogue and humility in both scientific and theological inquiry.
The Rationality of the Universe
A Rational Universe Reflecting God's Nature
The rationality of the universe is a reflection of God's nature. Romans 1:20 states, "For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse." The order and intelligibility of creation provide evidence for a rational Creator and form the basis for scientific investigation.
Human Capacity for Understanding
Humans, created in God's image, possess the intellectual capacity to understand the world. This capacity is evident in our ability to make scientific discoveries and develop technologies. Psalm 8:3-4 reflects on human significance in creation: "When I consider your heavens, the work of your fingers, the moon and the stars, which you have set in place, what is mankind that you are mindful of them, human beings that you care for them?"
Practical Implications for Christians
Integrating Science and Faith
Christians are called to integrate scientific knowledge with their faith, recognizing that all truth is God's truth. This integration requires discernment, humility, and a commitment to both biblical fidelity and scientific integrity. Proverbs 25:2 states, "It is the glory of God to conceal a matter; to search out a matter is the glory of kings." The pursuit of scientific knowledge can be seen as a way to uncover the mysteries of God's creation.
Responding to Skeptics
When engaging with skeptics, it is important to distinguish between the philosophical implications of scientific theories and the empirical data. For example, the theory of evolution is often presented as a comprehensive explanation for the diversity of life. However, the evidence for irreducible complexity and the lack of transitional forms challenge this narrative. Christians can confidently present these challenges while affirming the biblical account of creation.
The Role of Faith in Scientific Inquiry
Faith and science are not mutually exclusive but complementary. Faith provides the foundation for scientific inquiry by affirming the rationality and order of the universe. Hebrews 11:3 states, "By faith we understand that the universe was formed at God’s command, so that what is seen was not made out of what was visible." This faith in a rational Creator encourages the pursuit of knowledge and the expectation that the universe is intelligible.
The Future of the Science-Bible Relationship
Ongoing Dialogue and Discovery
The relationship between science and the Bible is dynamic, characterized by ongoing dialogue and discovery. New scientific findings can enhance our understanding of biblical truths, while Scripture provides a framework for interpreting scientific data. This dynamic interaction reflects the complexity and depth of God's creation.
Confidence in God's Sovereignty
Regardless of the current scientific paradigms, Christians can have confidence in God's sovereignty over all creation. Psalm 24:1 declares, "The earth is Jehovah’s, and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it." This assurance allows believers to engage with scientific discoveries without fear, knowing that God's truth will ultimately prevail.
What Is the Relationship Between Science and the Bible?
Introduction: Integrating Truth from Scripture and Science
Christians hold that both the Bible and science provide knowable truths about the world. Integrating claims from these two sources is a key aspect of forming a cohesive worldview. The relationship between the Bible and science is often misrepresented as adversarial. However, this portrayal neglects the rich interaction between theology and science, where both have historically informed and refined each other. The Bible portrays God as a rational Being who created the world from nothing (Genesis 1:1) and established it with order and purpose (Isaiah 45:18). This foundational belief posits that the universe reflects divine rationality, making it comprehensible to the human mind, which is created in God's image (Genesis 1:27).
The Bible's Viewpoint: Compatibility with Science
The Bible teaches that God's creation reveals His invisible qualities, such as His eternal power and divine nature (Romans 1:20). This perspective is echoed in Psalm 19:1-2, which declares that the heavens and the expanse of the sky proclaim God's glory and handiwork. From a biblical standpoint, the natural world is a testament to God's wisdom, power, and order.
Science Revealing God's Wisdom
Science helps us understand the intricacies of the natural world, revealing a level of order, precision, and sophistication that points to a God of infinite intelligence. For example, the complex mechanisms of cellular processes and the fine-tuning of the universe for life showcase a level of design that surpasses human understanding. The Bible's account of creation in Genesis 1 emphasizes God's intentional and purposeful act of bringing the universe into existence, which aligns with the order and design observed in nature.
Where Science Is Limited
While science excels at providing factual information about the physical world, it falls short in answering existential and metaphysical questions. Austrian physicist and Nobel laureate Erwin Schrödinger noted that science is silent about matters that are deeply important to human existence, such as God, eternity, and the purpose of life. Questions like "Why is there a universe?" and "Why does our planet support life?" are beyond the scope of scientific inquiry and require divine revelation for answers. The Bible, as inspired by God (2 Timothy 3:16), addresses these fundamental questions, offering insights into God's purposes and plans for humanity.
The Bible as Scientifically Ahead of Its Time
The Bible contains statements that were scientifically accurate long before they were understood by human science. For example, the ancient belief in a flat earth persisted in many cultures, yet the Bible described the earth as a sphere (Isaiah 40:22) and noted that it hangs upon nothing (Job 26:7). These descriptions align with modern scientific understanding of the earth's shape and its position in space.
Ancient Hebrew Understanding of Natural Laws
Unlike many ancient cultures that attributed natural phenomena to capricious deities, the Hebrew prophets understood that Jehovah governed the universe by precise laws (Job 38:33; Jeremiah 33:25). This understanding protected them from superstitions and allowed them to see the natural world as a reflection of God's orderly nature. Proverbs 3:19-20 states, "Jehovah by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding he established the heavens. By his knowledge the deeps were broken up and the skies drop down the dew." This verse highlights the belief in a rational and knowable universe, governed by God's wisdom and understanding.
Integration of Biblical and Scientific Knowledge
Complementary Descriptions
The Bible and science often provide complementary descriptions of reality. For instance, the Bible's theological explanations of creation and purpose complement the scientific explanations of processes and mechanisms. While science explains how water is formed from hydrogen and oxygen, the Bible ascribes the provision of water to God's providence (Psalm 104:10-13). These perspectives do not conflict but rather enrich our understanding of the same phenomenon.
Direct Interaction
There are instances where biblical and scientific claims directly interact and provide mutual support. The second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy increases over time, supports the biblical assertion that the universe had a beginning (Genesis 1:1). This principle challenges naturalistic explanations for the universe's origin and aligns with the biblical teaching of creation ex nihilo.
Presuppositional Support
The presuppositions underlying scientific inquiry, such as the existence of objective truth and the rational, orderly nature of reality, find their justification in a theistic worldview. The Bible asserts that God is a God of truth (Deuteronomy 32:4) and that He created the universe with order and purpose (Isaiah 45:18). These presuppositions make sense within a Christian framework but are difficult to justify in a purely naturalistic worldview.
Practical Applications
Biblical teachings can inform the practical application of scientific principles, and vice versa. For example, biblical principles of family dynamics (Ephesians 6:4) can be enriched by psychological insights into healthy relationships. Conversely, scientific findings about human behavior and development can help clarify and apply biblical teachings about maturity and character.
Addressing Apparent Conflicts
Understanding Contexts and Interpretations
Apparent conflicts between the Bible and science often arise from misunderstandings or misinterpretations of either biblical texts or scientific data. For example, the age of the earth is a point of contention between young-earth creationists and proponents of an old earth. Understanding the genre and context of Genesis 1-2, as well as the scientific evidence for the earth's age, can help reconcile these perspectives.
Reevaluating Scientific Claims
Scientific knowledge is not static; it evolves as new evidence emerges and theories are refined. Historical examples, such as the shift from Newtonian physics to quantum mechanics, demonstrate that scientific paradigms can change significantly. Christians should remain open to reevaluating scientific claims in light of new evidence while maintaining a commitment to the authority of Scripture.
Science Affirming Biblical Truths
The Universe Had a Beginning
The Big Bang theory, which posits that the universe had a singular beginning, aligns with the biblical claim of creation ex nihilo (Genesis 1:1). This theory has garnered widespread acceptance in the scientific community and provides strong evidence for a finite universe, challenging eternal steady-state models that contradict the biblical narrative.
Fine-Tuning of the Universe
The fine-tuning of the universe for life points to a purposeful design, consistent with the biblical portrayal of a Creator who designed the cosmos with intentionality (Isaiah 45:18). The precise values of physical constants and the delicate balance necessary for life suggest that the universe is not a product of random chance but of intelligent design.
Complexity of Life
The complexity and information content in DNA challenge naturalistic explanations for the origin of life and suggest an intelligent source. Psalm 139:14 praises God for the intricate design of the human body: "I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made: marvellous are thy works; and that my soul knoweth right well." The irreducible complexity of biological systems, where all parts are necessary for function, further supports the argument for intelligent design.
Archaeological Confirmations
Numerous archaeological discoveries have confirmed historical details mentioned in the Bible, enhancing its credibility as a reliable historical document. For instance, the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls provided valuable insights into the textual accuracy of the Old Testament, affirming the Bible's historical reliability.
Psychological Insights
Discoveries in psychology about human nature and behavior align with biblical teachings on the human condition. Jeremiah 17:9 states, "The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked: who can know it?" This understanding of human nature is corroborated by psychological findings on the complexity of human motivations and the propensity for moral failings.
The Rationality of the Universe
A Rational Creation Reflecting God's Nature
The rationality of the universe is a reflection of God's nature. Romans 1:20 states, "For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse." The order and intelligibility of creation provide evidence for a rational Creator and form the basis for scientific investigation.
Human Capacity for Understanding
Humans, created in God's image, possess the intellectual capacity to understand the world. This capacity is evident in our ability to make scientific discoveries and develop technologies. Psalm 8:3-4 reflects on human significance in creation: "When I consider thy heavens, the work of thy fingers, the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained; What is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that thou visitest him?"
Practical Implications for Christians
Integrating Science and Faith
Christians are called to integrate scientific knowledge with their faith, recognizing that all truth is God's truth. This integration requires discernment, humility, and a commitment to both biblical fidelity and scientific integrity. Proverbs 25:2 states, "It is the glory of God to conceal a thing: but the honor of kings is to search out a matter." The pursuit of scientific knowledge can be seen as a way to uncover the mysteries of God's creation.
Responding to Skeptics
When engaging with skeptics, it is important to distinguish between the philosophical implications of scientific theories and the empirical data. For example, the theory of evolution is often presented as a comprehensive explanation for the diversity of life. However, the evidence for irreducible complexity and the lack of transitional forms challenge this narrative. Christians can confidently present these challenges while affirming the biblical account of creation.
The Role of Faith in Scientific Inquiry
Faith and science are not mutually exclusive but complementary. Faith provides the foundation for scientific inquiry by affirming the rationality and order of the universe. Hebrews 11:3 states, "Through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear." This faith in a rational Creator encourages the pursuit of knowledge and the expectation that the universe is intelligible.
The Future of the Science-Bible Relationship
Ongoing Dialogue and Discovery
The relationship between science and the Bible is dynamic, characterized by ongoing dialogue and discovery. New scientific findings can enhance our understanding of biblical truths, while Scripture provides a framework for interpreting scientific data. This dynamic interaction reflects the complexity and depth of God's creation.
Confidence in God's Sovereignty
Regardless of the current scientific paradigms, Christians can have confidence in God's sovereignty over all creation. Psalm 24:1 declares, "The earth is Jehovah’s and the fullness thereof, the world and those who dwell therein." This assurance allows believers to engage with scientific discoveries without fear, knowing that God's truth will ultimately prevail.
Do Science and the Bible Really Contradict Each Other?
Introduction: The Compatibility of Science and the Bible
The relationship between science and the Bible is often portrayed as conflicting. However, this perception stems from misunderstandings and misinterpretations of both Scripture and scientific findings. The Bible, written under divine inspiration (2 Timothy 3:16), provides truths about God's creation and His purpose for humanity. Science, through the study of the natural world, reveals the order, precision, and complexity of God's handiwork (Psalm 19:1-2; Romans 1:20). By examining the historical and philosophical contexts of this relationship, we can see how the two realms complement each other rather than contradict.
The Historical Context: Galileo and the Church
The Geocentric View and Its Influence
The seeds of the conflict between Galileo and the church were sown centuries before their time, rooted in the ancient Greek geocentric view of the universe. This view, endorsed by philosophers such as Aristotle and astronomers like Ptolemy, placed the earth at the center of the cosmos. Aristotle's model, influenced by Pythagoras, depicted the heavens as a series of concentric spheres with the earth at the center, a concept that dominated Western thought for nearly two millennia.
Aristotle's framework was philosophical rather than scientific. He believed a moving earth would violate common sense and rejected the notion of a void, thinking that friction would stop a moving earth without constant force. These ideas, though logical within their time's knowledge framework, were based on philosophical speculation rather than empirical evidence.
Adoption by the Church
In the 13th century, Catholic theologian Thomas Aquinas sought to integrate Aristotle's philosophy with church doctrine. This synthesis became deeply entrenched in church teaching, making Aristotle's views "bedrock dogma" by Galileo's time. Education, controlled by the church, merged religious and scientific authority, setting the stage for Galileo's conflict with the church when he championed the heliocentric model.
Galileo's observations and writings on motion and astronomy challenged Aristotle's geocentric model and supported the heliocentric theory proposed by Copernicus. Galileo's assertion that his findings harmonized with Scripture led to his trial by the Inquisition in 1633. Despite his strong faith in the Bible and his argument that biblical references to the sun's movement were not literal, the church condemned him for rejecting Greek philosophical interpretations of Scripture. It wasn't until 1992 that the Catholic Church officially admitted its error in judging Galileo.
The Protestants' Attitude Toward Heliocentrism
Reformation Leaders' Opposition
Leaders of the Protestant Reformation, such as Martin Luther, Philipp Melanchthon, and John Calvin, opposed the heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus. Martin Luther famously derided Copernicus, calling him a "fool" who wished to overturn the established science of astronomy. This strong opposition was rooted in their adherence to a literal interpretation of certain biblical passages.
Literal Interpretation of Scripture
The Reformers based their rejection of heliocentrism on a literal reading of Scriptures like Joshua 10:12-14, which describes the sun and moon standing still to allow the Israelites more time to defeat their enemies. The Reformers interpreted this passage as supporting a geocentric model, where the sun moves around a stationary earth.
Influence of Aristotle and Aquinas
Despite breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church, the Protestant Reformers retained the influence of Aristotelian philosophy and the theological integration performed by Thomas Aquinas. The book "Galileo's Mistake" notes that the Reformation did not challenge the foundational authority of Aristotle and Aquinas, whose views were widely accepted by both Catholics and Protestants. This philosophical framework continued to shape their interpretation of Scripture and scientific concepts.
Terrestrial Perspective in Language
The terms "sunrise" and "sunset" are scientifically inaccurate but are still used in everyday language because they describe phenomena from a human perspective. Similarly, the biblical account in Joshua is not meant to provide a scientific explanation but rather to convey the events as they were observed and experienced. This understanding helps reconcile the apparent conflict between biblical descriptions and scientific explanations by recognizing the use of phenomenological language.
Lessons from the Galileo Affair
The Galileo affair teaches that the conflict was not between science and the Bible but between science and the church's interpretation of Scripture influenced by Greek philosophy. This historical episode underscores the importance of distinguishing between biblical truths and human traditions or interpretations. The Bible warns against being led astray by human philosophy and tradition (Colossians 2:8).
Modern Misconceptions: Darwinism and the Bible
Evolution and Biblical Creation
Today, some in "Christianity" have embraced Darwin's theory of evolution, often in conflict with the Genesis account of creation. This acceptance can be seen as a modern parallel to the church's historical acceptance of Aristotelian philosophy. By making evolution an article of faith, these churches have substituted Darwin for Aristotle and evolution for biblical creation.
The theory of evolution posits that life developed through random mutations and natural selection over millions of years, a process that seemingly contradicts the biblical account of a purposeful creation by God. However, scientific evidence increasingly challenges the plausibility of evolution, particularly regarding the origin of life, the complexity of biological systems, and the lack of transitional forms in the fossil record.
True Science Harmonizes with the Bible
The Law-Governed Universe
The Bible presents a universe governed by rational laws established by God. The book of Job, written around 1530 B.C.E., references the "statutes of the heavens" (Job 38:33), and Jeremiah speaks of "the statutes of heaven and earth" (Jeremiah 31:35; 33:25). These biblical references predate and align with the later scientific discovery that natural laws govern matter. Commentators like G. Rawlinson have noted that the biblical writers asserted the prevalence of natural law long before modern science did.
The Water Cycle
The Bible also accurately describes natural phenomena such as the water cycle. Ecclesiastes 1:7, written in the 11th century B.C.E., and Amos 5:8, from the 8th century B.C.E., describe the cyclical movement of water between the sea and the land. These descriptions align with modern understanding and predate similar non-biblical references by centuries.
The Earth's Suspension in Space
Job 26:7 states that God "hangs the earth upon nothing," an assertion remarkable for its time (around 1600 B.C.E.) and consistent with modern astronomical understanding that the earth is suspended in space. This statement contrasts sharply with Aristotle's rejection of the void and his belief in a geocentric, solid-sphere cosmos.
Interpreting Scripture and Scientific Terminology
Terrestrial Perspective
The Bible often describes natural events from a human perspective, using terms like "sunrise" and "sunset" that are still scientifically acceptable when understood from an earthly viewpoint. Joshua 10's account of the sun and moon standing still is an example of this perspective, where the description serves the narrative's purpose rather than providing a scientific explanation.
Literal and Figurative Language
Interpreting biblical references to natural phenomena requires understanding the context and purpose of the language used. The Bible uses both literal and figurative language to convey spiritual truths and historical events. Recognizing this helps reconcile apparent conflicts between biblical descriptions and scientific explanations.
The Rationality and Order of God's Creation
Scientific Inquiry Encouraged by Scripture
The Bible encourages the exploration and understanding of God's creation. Isaiah 40:26 invites us to observe the heavens and recognize God's creative power, while Romans 1:20 asserts that creation reveals God's invisible qualities. These passages affirm that studying the natural world can lead to a greater appreciation of God's wisdom and power.
Faith and Reason
Faith in God's rational and orderly nature provides a foundation for scientific inquiry. Hebrews 11:3 states that by faith, we understand that the universe was formed at God's command. This belief in a rational Creator underpins the expectation that the universe operates according to consistent laws, making scientific exploration possible.
Practical Implications for Christians
Integrating Science and Faith
Christians are called to integrate scientific knowledge with their faith, recognizing that all truth is God's truth. Proverbs 25:2 highlights the glory of seeking out matters hidden by God, suggesting that scientific discovery is a form of uncovering divine truth. This integration requires discernment, humility, and a commitment to both biblical fidelity and scientific integrity.
Responding to Skeptics
When engaging with skeptics, it is important to distinguish between empirical data and philosophical interpretations of scientific theories. For example, the theory of evolution is often presented as a comprehensive explanation for life's diversity, yet evidence for irreducible complexity and the lack of transitional forms challenge this narrative. Christians can confidently present these challenges while affirming the biblical account of creation.
The Role of Faith in Scientific Inquiry
Faith and science are not mutually exclusive but complementary. Faith provides the foundation for scientific inquiry by affirming the rationality and order of the universe. Hebrews 11:3 emphasizes that faith enables us to understand that the visible world was created by God's word, encouraging the pursuit of knowledge and the expectation that the universe is intelligible.
The Future of the Science-Bible Relationship
Ongoing Dialogue and Discovery
The relationship between science and the Bible is dynamic, characterized by ongoing dialogue and discovery. New scientific findings can enhance our understanding of biblical truths, while Scripture provides a framework for interpreting scientific data. This dynamic interaction reflects the complexity and depth of God's creation.
Confidence in God's Sovereignty
Regardless of the current scientific paradigms, Christians can have confidence in God's sovereignty over all creation. Psalm 24:1 declares, "The earth is Jehovah’s, and everything in it, the world, and all who live in it." This assurance allows believers to engage with scientific discoveries without fear, knowing that God's truth will ultimately prevail.
Conclusion
The Bible and science, when correctly understood, do not contradict each other but instead offer complementary insights into the nature of God's creation. By recognizing the limitations of human understanding and the supremacy of divine revelation, Christians can confidently explore the natural world, integrating scientific discoveries with their faith to gain a fuller appreciation of God's wisdom and power.
About the Author
EDWARD D. ANDREWS (AS in Criminal Justice, BS in Religion, MA in Biblical Studies, and MDiv in Theology) is CEO and President of Christian Publishing House. He has authored over 220 books. In addition, Andrews is the Chief Translator of the Updated American Standard Version (UASV).
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REASON MEETS FAITH: Addressing and Refuting Atheism's Challenges to Christianity
CREATION AND COSMOS A Journey Through Creation, Science, and the Origins of Life
ANSWERING THE CRITICS: Defending God's Word Against Modern Skepticism
IS THE BIBLE REALLY THE WORD OF GOD?: Is Christianity the One True Faith?
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